Quantifying and Describing Marine Mammal Sounds
by Caleb Bryce, Kimberly Goetz and Burnee Yew
Marine mammals use sound for feeding, communication, predator avoidance, and navigation. Students are introduced to the properties of sound by quantifying and describing sounds from several types of marine mammals (toothed whales, baleen whales, sea lions, and true seals). Students examine differences in sounds between marine mammal species and then use that knowledge to predict the source of a mystery sound.
Students learn: 1) Basic properties of sound, 2) How to interpret spectograms and waveforms, 3) Why marine mammals use sound, and 4) How to describe the diversity of sounds made by marine mammals.
Docs: fulltext.docx labworksheet.docx labworksheetkey.xls worksheet.docx worksheetkey.docx photocredit.xlsx
Keywords: bioacoustics, communication, HS-LS2, HS-PS4, marine mammals, sound
Used Cars for Sale in São Paulo, Brazil: A Comprehensive Overview
The state of São Paulo, Brazil’s economic powerhouse and most populous region, boasts one of the largest and most dynamic markets for used cars in Latin America. From compact city hatchbacks to robust pickup trucks and luxurious sedans, the used vehicle scene in São Paulo caters to a wide range of consumer preferences, budgets, and lifestyles.
The Landscape of the Used Car Market
São Paulo is home to a vast network of auto dealerships, independent sellers, and online platforms that facilitate the buying and selling of pre-owned vehicles. Thanks to the state’s advanced infrastructure, dense urban areas, and strong automotive culture, it has become a central hub for car trading. Major cities like the capital São Paulo, Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, and Ribeirão Preto play a key role in driving this market forward.
In São Paulo, buyers can find vehicles of virtually every make and model, from economical city cars like the Fiat Mobi and Renault Kwid to popular sedans such as the Toyota Corolla and Honda Civic, and SUVs like the Jeep Renegade and Hyundai Creta. Whether the buyer is looking for a budget-friendly daily commuter or a well-maintained family SUV, São Paulo offers countless options.
Factors Influencing Prices
Used car prices in São Paulo vary significantly based on several factors:
Vehicle Age and Mileage: The age of the vehicle and how many kilometers it has traveled are among the most significant price determinants.
Brand and Model Popularity: Vehicles from brands like Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Fiat, and Chevrolet often hold their value better due to their wide service network and spare part availability.
Condition and Maintenance History: Well-maintained vehicles with full service records are priced higher but offer better reliability.
Fuel Type and Transmission: Flex-fuel cars are widely sought after in Brazil, and automatic transmissions are increasingly popular, especially in urban areas.
Due to the recent global supply chain disruptions and economic volatility, the used car market has seen a rise in prices. New car shortages have pushed many consumers toward the used market, increasing demand and consequently raising values.
Where to Buy
São Paulo offers multiple avenues for purchasing used cars:
Dealerships: Certified pre-owned programs from authorized dealers offer peace of mind with warranties and vehicle inspections.
Online Marketplaces: Websites like OLX, Seu Carro Webmotors, iCarros, and local classified sites allow buyers to browse listings by city, filter results by year, model, price, and even negotiate directly with sellers.
Car Auctions: Both physical and online auctions are popular in São Paulo, often offering good deals for buyers willing to take a risk on lightly used or repossessed vehicles.
Private Sellers: Many São Paulo residents sell their cars independently. This can be cost-effective but requires more caution and due diligence.